This web page is the “living figure of InvaCost”, providing the updated global figures of the taxonomic and geographic costs of biological invasions, based on the latest version of the InvaCost database (version 4.1, updated 2022-02-15). This living figure is linked to the study made by Diagne et al. (2021) and has been added as a correction to the Data Availability statement of this published work.
Methods are described in section 4.
Total cost of biological invasions worldwide as of 2022-02-15 in 2017 US$:
The figure is interactive: you can hover over bars to get more information, click on the legend to apply filters, and zoom in by drawing a rectangle on the area where you want to zoom in. To reset the zoom, double click anywhere on the graph.
The figure is interactive: you can hover over each country to get more information, and zoom in and out with the wheel. To reset the zoom, double click anywhere on the graph.
This living figure provides the most up-to-date economic costs of biological invasions worldwide, based on methods similar to Diagne et al. (2021). To summarize, these figures represent only the economic costs of biological invasions as available in the latest version of the InvaCost database - they do not include their potential benefits which were not searched for in InvaCost. Costs in InvaCost were identified from literature searches (in multiple languages), opportunistic additions of published literature, personal communications, and suggestions submitted to updates@invacost.fr. For full details on the database see Diagne et al. (2020) (paper introducing the database) and Angulo et al. 2021 (paper describing the addition of non-English data). The latest version of the database is available here.
To summarize the methods used here, we extracted from the Invacost database cost estimates categorized as reliable and observed for the time period 1970 to 2020. We excluded data for which the temporal range was not available or could not be reliably estimated. The data includes values retrieved from 15 different languages (Angulo2021NE). We followed the framework of the InvaCost R package to obtain cumulative costs of biological invasions for (1) the whole world; (2) per taxon; (3) per country. For the taxonomic analysis we further calculated the costs which could be attributed to either management costs or damage costs (sometimes, management and damage costs have been estimated altogether - we included them in the ‘Mixed’ category). For the geographic analysis, we also provide the average annual cost calculated over 1970-2020, for each country. Note that the map used here is a geographical map, based on Natural Earth data, not a political map.
To get the full methodological details, please refer to the framework of the invacost R package (Leroy et al. 2020), the associated step-by-step tutorial, and the methods in Diagne et al. (2021).
In the taxonomic and geographic figures, if applicable, we provide several literature references relevant to the taxon or country under consideration (topical papers).
Important note: the methodology used to generate all numbers in sections 2 and 3 is standard. In other words, it is a raw extraction of cost estimates from the database without additional filtering, data manipulation or analyses/modelling besides the methods described above. Consequently, readers should expect difference between the numbers indicated on these living figures and the numbers found in topical papers. Indeed, most of these topical papers have made specific in-depth analyses depending on their objectives, based on expert decisions by the authors.
To summarize, on the one hand, the numbers on the living figures are a reflection of the current state of the InvaCost database with a standard methodology. They will remain up-to-date with the different releases of the database. On the other hand, the topical papers have analysed costs for a taxon or country in-depth, and they convey much more information than the living figure. Therefore, we strongly advise readers to choose which amounts to cite depending on their objectives.
To investigate cost values for a specific country or taxon, we suggest to read the topical paper in priority, paying particular attention to the methods therein. To investigate the most up-to-date numbers and/or compare numbers among countries, we suggest to use the living figures. In general, a combination of both will provide a complementary set of information that can fulfill most objectives.
Please cite the living figure as follows:
Leroy B, Diagne C, Angulo E, Ballesteros-Mejia L, Adamjy T, Assailly C, Albert C, Andrews L, Balzani P, Banerjee AK, Bang A, Bartlett A, Bernery C, Bodey T, Bradshaw CJA, Bufford J, Capinha C, Catford J, Cuthbert R, Mbacké Dia CAK, Dimarco RD, Dobigny G, Duboscq V, Essl F, Fantle-Lepczyk J, Golivets M, Gozlan R, Haubrock PJ, Heringer G, Hoskins A, Hudgins E, Jarić I, Jourdain F, Kirichenko N, Kourantidou M, Kramer A, Leung B, Liu C, Lopez E, Manfrini E, Moodley D, Novoa A, Nuñez A, Nuninger L, Pattison Z, Renault D, Rico-Sanchez AE, Robuchon M, Roiz D, Salles JM, Taheri A, Tambo J, Taylor N, Tricarico E, Turbelin A, Vaissiere AC, Verbrugge L, Watari Y, Welsh M, Xiong W, Courchamp F. 2021. Global Costs of Biological Invasions: Living Figure. https://borisleroy.com/invacost/invacost_livingfigure.html
| ShortName | Reference | URL |
|---|---|---|
| Adelino2021Brazil | José Ricardo Pires Adelino, Gustavo Heringer, Christophe Diagne, Franck Courchamp, Lucas Del Bianco Faria, Rafael Dudeque Zenni. 2021. The economic costs of biological invasions in Brazil: a first assessment. NeoBiota. Special Issue “economic costs of invasive alien species worldwide”. 67 : 349-374. doi:10.3897/neobiota.67.59185 | https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.67.59185 |
| Angulo2021NE | Elena Angulo, Christophe Diagne, Liliana Ballesteros-Mejia, Tasnime Adamjy, Danish A Ahmed, Evgeny Akulov, Achyut K Banerjee, César Capinha, Cheikh AKM Dia, Gauthier Dobigny, Virginia Duboscq-Carra, Marina Golivets, Phillip J Haubrock, Gustavo Heringer, Tanalia Kirichenko, Melina Kourantidou, Chunlong Liu, Martin A Nuñez, David Renault, David Roiz, Ahmed Taheri, Laura NH Verbrugge, Yuya Watari, Wen Xiong W, Franck Courchamp (2021) Non-English languages enrich scientific knowledge: the example of economic costs of biological invasions. Science of the Total Environment 775:144441. | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144441 |
| Angulo2021Ant | Elena Angulo, Benjamin D Hoffmann, Liliana Ballesteros-Mejia, Ahmed Taheri, Paride Balzani, David Renault, Marion Cordonnier, Céline Bellard, Christophe Diagne, Danish A Ahmed, Yuya Watari, Franck Courchamp. Economic costs of invasive alien ants worldwide. Submitted to Biological Invasions. Special Issue “The economic costs of biological invasions”. | https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-346306/v1 |
| Angulo2021Spain | Angulo E, Ballesteros-Mejia L, Novoa A, Duboscq-Carra VG, Diagne C, Courchamp F (2021). Economic costs of invasive alien species in Spain. In: Zenni RD, McDermott S, García-Berthou E, Essl F (Eds) The Economic costs of biological invasions in the world. NeoBiota 67: 267–297 | https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.67.59181 |
| Ballesteros-Mejia2021Ecuador | Ballesteros-Mejia L, Angulo E, Diagne C, Cooke B, Nuñez MA, Courchamp F (2021). Economic costs of biological invasions in Ecuador: the importance of the Galapagos Islands. In: Zenni RD, McDermott S, García-Berthou E, Essl F (Eds) The Economic costs of biological invasions in the world. NeoBiota 67: 375–400 | https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.67.59116 |
| Bang2021India | Alok Bang, Ross N Cuthbert, Phillip Haubrock, Romina Fernandez, Desika Moodley, Christophe Diagne, Anna Turbelin, Achyut Kumar Banerjee, David Renault, Tatenda Dalu and Franck Courchamp. Fragmented yet high economic costs of biological invasions in India. Submitted to Biological Invasions. Special Issue “The economic costs of biological invasions”. | https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-358099/v1 |
| Bodey2021NewZeal | Thomas W. Bodey, Zachary T. Carter, Phillip J. Haubrock, Ross N. Cuthbert, Melissa J. Welsh, Christophe Diagne, Franck Courchamp. 2021. Biological invasions in New Zealand - first steps towards a comprehensive economic cost synthesis. Submitted | |
| Bodey2021TerrVertebrate | Thomas W Bodey, Christophe Diagne, Elena Angulo, Juliette Baron, Céline Bellard, Elsa Bonnaud, Ross N Cuthbert, Emma J Hudgins, Jean Fantle-Lepczyk, Clara Marino, Anna Turbelin, Anne-Charlotte Vaissiere, Franck Courchamp. The global economic costs of invasive terrestrial vertebrates. In preparation. | |
| Bradshaw2021Australia | Bradshaw CJA, Hoskins AJ, Haubrock PJ, Cuthbert RN, Diagne C, Leroy B, Andrews L, Page B, Cassey P, Sheppard AW, Courchamp F (2021). Detailed assessment of the reported economic costs of invasive species in Australia. In: Zenni RD, McDermott S, García-Berthou E, Essl F (Eds) The Economic costs of biological invasions in the world. NeoBiota 67: 511–550. | https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.67.58834 |
| Crystal-Ornelas2021NorthAm | Crystal-Ornelas R, Hudgins EJ, Cuthbert RN, Haubrock PJ, Fantle-Lepczyk J, Angulo E, Kramer AM, Ballesteros-Mejia L, Leroy B, Leung B, López-López E, Diagne C, Courchamp F (2021). Economic costs of biological invasions within North America. In: Zenni RD, McDermott S, García-Berthou E, Essl F (Eds) The Economic costs of biological invasions in the world. NeoBiota 67: 485–510. | https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.67.58038 |
| Cuthbert2021UK | Cuthbert RN, Bartlett AC, Turbelin AJ, Haubrock PJ, Diagne C, Pattison Z, Courchamp F, Catford JA (2021). Economic costs of biological invasions in the United Kingdom. In: Zenni RD, McDermott S, García-Berthou E, Essl F (Eds) The Economic costs of biological invasions in the world. NeoBiota 67: 299–328. | https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.67.59743 |
| Diagne2021Africa | Diagne C, Turbelin AJ, Moodley D, Novoa A, Leroy B, Angulo E, Adamjy T, Dia CAKM, Taheri A, Tambo J, Dobigny G, Courchamp F (2021). The economic costs of biological invasions in Africa: a growing but neglected threat? In: Zenni RD, McDermott S, García-Berthou E, Essl F (Eds) The Economic costs of biological invasions in the world. NeoBiota 67: 11–51. | https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.67.59132 |
| Diagne2021Rodent | Christophe Diagne, Liliana Ballesteros-Mejia, Ross N. Cuthbert, Thomas W. Bodey, Jean Fantle-Lepczyk, Elena Angulox, Gauthier Dobignyand Franck Courchamp. The economic costs of invasive rodents worldwide. Submitted to Biological Invasions. Special Issue “The economic costs of biological invasions”. | https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-387256/v1 |
| Duboscq-Carra2021Argentina | Duboscq-Carra VG, Fernandez RD, Haubrock PJ, Dimarco RD, Angulo E, Ballesteros-Mejia L, Diagne C, Courchamp F, Nuñez MA (2021). Economic impact of invasive alien species in Argentina: a first national synthesis. In: Zenni RD, McDermott S, García-Berthou E, Essl F (Eds) The Economic costs of biological invasions in the world. NeoBiota 67: 329–348. | https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.67.63208 |
| Fantle-Lepczyk2021USA | Jean E. Fantle-Lepczyk, Phillip J. Haubrock, Andrew M. Kramer, Ross N. Cuthbert, Anna J. Turbelin, Robert Crystal-Ornelas, Christophe Diagne, Franck Courchamp. 2021. Economic costs of biological invasions in the United States. Science of the Total Environment. | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151318 |
| Haubrock2021Bivalve | Phillip Joschka Haubrock, Ross N. Cuthbert, Anthony Ricciardi, Christophe Diagne, Franck Courchamp. Massive economic costs of invasive bivalves in freshwater ecosystems. Submitted to Biological Invasions. Special Issue “The economic costs of biological invasions”. | https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-389696/v1 |
| Haubrock2021Europe | Haubrock PJ, Turbelin AJ, Cuthbert RN, Novoa A, Taylor NG, Angulo E, Ballesteros-Mejia L, Bodey TW, Capinha C, Diagne C, Essl F, Golivets M, Kirichenko N, Kourantidou M, Leroy B, Renault D, Verbrugge L, Courchamp F (2021). Economic costs of invasive alien species across Europe. In: Zenni RD, McDermott S, García-Berthou E, Essl F (Eds) The Economic costs of biological invasions in the world. NeoBiota 67: 153–190. | https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.67.58196 |
| Haubrock2021Fish | Phillip J. Haubrock, Camille Bernery, Ross N. Cuthbert, Chunlong Liu, Melina Kourantidou, Boris Leroy, Anna J. Turbelin, Andrew M. Kramer, Laura N.H. Verbrugge, Christophe Diagne, Franck Courchamp, Rodolphe E. Gozlan. 2021. Knowledge gaps in economic costs of invasive alien fish worldwide. Science of the Total Environment | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149875 |
| Haubrock2021Germany | Haubrock PJ, Cuthbert RN, Sundermann A, Diagne C, Golivets M, Courchamp F (2021). Economic costs of invasive species in Germany. In: Zenni RD, McDermott S, García-Berthou E, Essl F (Eds) The Economic costs of biological invasions in the world. NeoBiota 67: 225–246. | https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.67.59502 |
| Haubrock2021Italy | Haubrock PJ, Cuthbert RN, Tricarico E, Diagne C, Courchamp F, Gozlan RE (2021). The recorded economic costs of alien invasive species in Italy. In: Zenni RD, McDermott S, García-Berthou E, Essl F (Eds) The Economic costs of biological invasions in the world. NeoBiota 67: 247–266 | https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.67.57747 |
| Haubrock2021Singapore | Haubrock PJ, Cuthbert RN, Yeo DCJ, Banerjee AK, Liu C, Diagne C, Courchamp F (2021). Biological invasions in Singapore and Southeast Asia: data gaps fail to mask potentially massive economic costs. In: Zenni RD, McDermott S, García-Berthou E, Essl F (Eds) The Economic costs of biological invasions in the world. NeoBiota 67: 131–152. | https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.67.64560 |
| Heringer2021SouthCentralAm | Heringer G, Angulo E, Ballesteros-Mejia L, Capinha C, Courchamp F, Diagne C, Duboscq-Carra VG, Nuñez MA, Zenni RD (2021). The economic costs of biological invasions in Central and South America: a first regional assessment. In: Zenni RD, McDermott S, García-Berthou E, Essl F (Eds) The Economic costs of biological invasions in the world. NeoBiota 67: 401–426 | https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.67.59193 |
| Kirichenko2021Russia | Kirichenko N, Haubrock PJ, Cuthbert RN, Akulov E, Karimova E, Shneyder Y, Liu C, Angulo E, Diagne C, Courchamp F (2021). Economic costs of biological invasions in terrestrial ecosystems in Russia. In: Zenni RD, McDermott S, García-Berthou E, Essl F (Eds) The Economic costs of biological invasions in the world. NeoBiota 67: 103–130 | https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.67.58529 |
| Kouba2021Crustacean | Antonín Kouba, Francisco J. Oficialdegui, Ross N. Cuthbert, Melina Kourantidou, Josie South, Elena Tricarico, Boris Leroy, Rudolphe Gozlan, Franck Courchamp, Phillip Joschka Haubrock. Feeling the pinch: global economic costs of crayfish invasions and comparison with other aquatic crustaceans. Submitted to Biological Invasions. Special Issue “The economic costs of biological invasions”. | https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-381161/v1 |
| Kourantidou2021Medit | Kourantidou M, Cuthbert RN, Haubrock PJ, Novoa A, Taylor NG, Leroy B, Capinha C, Renault D, Angulo E, Diagne C, Courchamp F (2021). Economic costs of invasive alien species in the Mediterranean basin. In: Zenni RD, McDermott S, García-Berthou E, Essl F (Eds) The Economic costs of biological invasions in the world. NeoBiota 67: 427–458 | https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.67.58926 |
| Liu2021Asia | Liu C, Diagne C, Angulo E, Banerjee A-K, Chen Y, Cuthbert RN, Haubrock PJ, Kirichenko N, Pattison Z, Watari Y, Xiong W, Courchamp F (2021). Economic costs of biological invasions in Asia. In: Zenni RD, McDermott S, García-Berthou E, Essl F (Eds) The Economic costs of biological invasions in the world. NeoBiota 67: 53–78 | https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.67.58147 |
| Renault2021France | Renault D, Manfrini E, Leroy B, Diagne C, Ballesteros-Mejia L, Angulo E, Courchamp F (2021). Biological invasions in France: Alarming costs and even more alarming knowledge gaps. In: Zenni RD, McDermott S, García-Berthou E, Essl F (Eds) The Economic costs of biological invasions in the world. NeoBiota 67: 191–224 | https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.67.59134 |
| Renault2021TerrInvertebrate | David Renault, Elena Angulo, Ross N Cuthbert, Phillip J. Haubrock, César Capinha, Andrew M. Kramer, Franck Courchamp. The magnitude, diversity, and distribution of the economic costs of invasive terrestrial invertebrates worldwide. Submitted to Biological Invasions. Special Issue “The economic costs of biological invasions”. Preprint: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-215455/v1 | https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-215455/v1 |
| Rico-Sanchez2021Mexico | Rico-Sánchez AE, Haubrock PJ, Cuthbert RN, Angulo E, Ballesteros-Mejia L, López-López E, Duboscq-Carra VG, Nuñez MA, Diagne C, Courchamp F (2021). Economic costs of invasive alien species in Mexico. In: Zenni RD, McDermott S, García-Berthou E, Essl F (Eds) The Economic costs of biological invasions in the world. NeoBiota 67: 459–483. | https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.67.63846 |
| Watari2021Japan | Watari Y, Komine H, Angulo E, Diagne C, Ballesteros-Mejia L, Courchamp F (2021). First synthesis of the economic costs of biological invasions in Japan. In: Zenni RD, McDermott S, García-Berthou E, Essl F (Eds) The Economic costs of biological invasions in the world. NeoBiota 67: 79–101. | https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.67.59186 |